Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment--a review.

By P. Verlicchi, M. A. Aukidy, Elena Zambello. Science of the Total Environment, 2012

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Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater: A review. (2016, neutral): “The removal efficiency of PPCPs by biological treatment processes has been reviewed previously (Miege et al., 2009; Verlicchi et al., 2012).”
EU-wide monitoring survey on emerging polar organic contaminants in wastewater treatment plant effluents. (2013, neutral): “…Köck-Schulmeyer et al, 2011; Lindqvist et al., 2005; Martı́nez Bueno et al., 2012; Micropoll, 2011, 2012; Miège et al., 2009; Nakada et al., 2006; Paxéus, 2004; Radjenovi c et al., 2007a,b; Reemtsma et al., 2006; Ternes, 1998; Vieno et al., 2007; Verlicchi et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2008a).”
From the conventional biological wastewater treatment to hybrid processes, the evaluation of organic micropollutant removal: A review. (2017, background): “Among the PPCPs and some of their human metabolites, ACE, CFN, digox-igenin, E1, IBP, NPX, and paraxanthine are for instance rather well removed ( > 90%); whereas CBZ, EDTA, MFA, gem ﬁ brozil (GFZ), CIP, E3, o ﬂ oxacin (OFX), penicillin V, SMX, TMP are poorly removed from in ﬂ uent (Bernhard et al.,”
A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. (2014, background): “Verlicchi et al. (2012) found that sorption onto solids is insignificant (<5% in most cases) for most pharmaceuticals.”