Racial Bias in Bail Decisions ⇤

By David Arnold, Will Dobbie, Crystal S. Yang. 2018

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Citations in the corpus

A Causal Bayesian Networks Viewpoint on Fairness (2018, neutral): “As part of this effort, quantitative tools for determining a person’s likelihood for reoffending or failure to appear, called risk assessment instruments (RAIs), were introduced to replace previous systems driven largely by opaque discretionary decisions and money bail [6,26].”
Inaccurate Statistical Discrimination: An Identification Problem (2019, unknown): “Of the five papers that tested for inaccurate beliefs, three papers did so by directly eliciting beliefs (List 2004, Hedegaard and Tyran 2018,Mobius and Rosenblat 2006) and two did so by either comparing behavior across different contexts (Fershtman and Gneezy 2001) or using theoretical arguments (A”
Algorithmic Risk Assessment in the Hands of Humans (2019, unknown): “Given the substantial evidence of racial bias in human predictions (Arnold et al., 2018), as well as statistical discrimination in the absence of objective information (Agan and Starr, 2017; Doleac and Hansen, 2018), a risk algorithm might alleviate some of the disadvantage black defendants face (Co”
Economics, Fairness and Algorithmic Bias (2020, unknown): “Arnold et al. (2018) uses random assignment to judges to suggest that human bail decisions, the same decision studied by ProPublica, are already biased.”
Fast Threshold Tests for Detecting Discrimination (2017, unknown): “This simple example illustrates a subtle failure of outcome tests known as the problem of infra-marginality (Anwar and Fang, 2006, 2011, 2015; Arnold et al., 2017; Ayres, 2002; Engel, 2008; Simoiu et al., 2017).”
The Impact of Algorithms on Judicial Discretion : Evidence from Regression Discontinuities (2018, methodology): “Arnold et al. (2017) uses random assignment to judges to suggest that human bail decisions – the same decision studied by ProPublica – are already biased.3 However, a 2014 government report (Austin, 2014) to Broward County policymakers recommended that “the COMPAS system could be easily replaced…”
Judicial Politics and Sentencing Decisions (2019, background): “…and Knight (2009), Ayres and Waldfogel (1994), Rehavi and Starr (2014), Anwar et al. (2012), Abrams et al. (2012), Alesina and La Ferrara (2014), Starr (2015), Arnold et al. (2017). to set aside any ideological biases, leading to a dramatic increase in the time from appointment to confirmation.”
A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing (2017, methodology): “We then perform in Column (5) a hit-rate test similar to Arnold et al. (2018) and find that 22This procedure is very commonly used in the criminal justice literature when judges differ in their punitiveness (Kling, 2006; Dobbie and Song, 2015) We use this approach to evaluate how individuals…”