The occurrence and identification of Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (foxtail millet) grains from the Chengtoushan site (ca. 5800 cal B.P.) in central China, with reference to the domestication…

By H. Nasu, A. Momohara, Y. Yasuda, Jiejun He. 2007

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Consilience of genetics and archaeobotany in the entangled history of rice (2010, background): “4500 BC (Nasu et al. 2007), via Gantouyan near the Guangxi–Vietnam border with both rice and foxtail millet by 3000–2000 BC (Lu 2009).”
The emergence of agriculture in southern China (2010, background): “The emergence of rice cultivation in Guangxi resulted from a separate and more inland southward dispersal from the Quijialing culture (zone C) in the Middle Yangtze Valley, via the middle Yuan River and Xiajiang regions with their forager groups.”
Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago (2009, background): “Furthermore, very little study has been conducted on the spodograms or phytoliths of modern millets, so no clear diagnostic feature has been used to distinguish foxtail millet from common millet (12, 16).”
Declining oaks, increasing artistry, and cultivating rice: the environmental and social context of the emergence of farming in the Lower Yangtze Region (2010, background): “…of these wild species continued to be found at the later site of Chengtoushan (c. 4500–4000 BC), although there is an impression of a greater proportion of crops, including rice and foxtail millet and rice weeds (Nasu and Momohara 2007; Nasu et al. 2007b; Gu 2007: assemblage partially quantified).”