Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search

By Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon. 1976

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Citations in the corpus

Giraffe: Using Deep Reinforcement Learning to Play Chess (2015, background): “This optimization is called α - β pruning [8], where α and β are the lower and upper bounds.”
On the Binding Problem in Artificial Neural Networks (2020, background): “2 Symbolic processing in Connectionist Methods Connectionism takes a different, brain-inspired, approach to Artificial Intelligence that stands in contrast to symbolic AI and its focus on the conscious mind (Newell and Simon, 1981; Fodor, 1975).”
Rethinking eliminative connectionism. (1998, background): “Symbols are mental encodings of equivalence classes (Abler, 1989; Newell & Simon, 1975; Pylyshyn, 1984, 1986; Vera & Simon, 1994), which is to say that all members encoded via a particular symbol are treated equally by some higher level operation (Pylyshyn, 1984, 1986).”
Edward: A library for probabilistic modeling, inference, and criticism (2016, methodology): “Probabilistic modeling is a powerful approach for analyzing empirical information (Tukey, 1962; Newell and Simon, 1976; Box, 1976).”
A Standard Model of the Mind: Toward a Common Computational Framework across Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Robotics (2017, background): “The physical symbol systems hypothesis states, “A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action” (Newell and Simon 1976).”
The Challenges of Scientific Literacy: From the viewpoint of second‐generation cognitive science (2006, background): “The fundamental theoretical idea in first‐generation cognitive science was physical symbol manipulation (Anderson, 1976 ; Fodor, 1975 ; Newell & Simon, 1976 ).”
Visual Salience of Algebraic Transformations (2004, background): “What is so confounding about these errors is their superficial character.”
Book Review: Ontological Semantics, by Sergei Nirenburg and Victor Raskin (2004, background): “The content of Nirenburg and Raskin (1996), Mahesh (1996), and Viegas and Raskin (1998) can be considered as a case study and illustration of this issue.”
Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds (2008, unknown): “…cultural, logical, and causal reasoning abilities – result in part from the difference in degree to which human and nonhuman cognitive architectures are able to approximate the higher-order, systematic, relational capabilities of a physical symbol system (Newell 1980; Newell & Simon 1976).”
Physical Symbol Systems (1980, background): “In addition, I am grateful to Greg Harris, John McDermott, Zenon F’ylysyhn. and Mike Rychener for detailed comments on an earlier draft.”
The Search Hypothesis of Emotion (2002, background): “first proposed by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert Simon, of conceiving problem-solving as a kind of search (Newell and Simon [1976]).”
Please Scroll down for Article Connection Science Developmental Robotics: a Survey Developmental Robotics: a Survey (2003, unknown): “…metaphor advocated by traditional cognitive science, according to which the body is seen as an output device that merely executes commands generated by a rule-based manipulation of symbols that are associated with an internal representation of the world (Newell and Simon 1976, Fodor 1981).”