Natural enemies and other antagonists.

By H. Kaya, R. Gaugler. 2002

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Population biology of entomopathogenic nematodes: Concepts, issues, and models (2006, background): “Insect cadavers with EPNs are subject to predation by various scavengers (Kaya, 2002).”
Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control (2006, background): “Although some of the biotic agents and abiotic factors that regulate nematode population dynamics are known, their effects on nematode communities in nature are poorly understood (Kaya, 2002; Kaya and Koppenhöfer, 1996).”
Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control (2006, background): “(Kaya, 2002).”
Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for Biological Control of Soil Pests (2003, background): “Abiotic factors such as extreme temperatures, soil moisture, osmotic stress, soil texture, RH, and UV radiation (8385) and biotic factors such as antibiosis, competition and natural enemies (86,87) are the primary extrinsic causes that affect infective juvenile survival.”
Effects of combining an entomopathogenic fungi or bacterium with entomopathogenic nematodes on mortality of Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (2004, background): “Yet such indirect interactions are generally associated with inhibition of nematode development and reproduction within the host (Kaya, 2002) and not the ability to kill the insect, which was the focus of this study.”