Effects of combining an entomopathogenic fungi or bacterium with entomopathogenic nematodes on mortality of Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

By D. Shapiro-Ilan, M. Jackson, C. Reilly, M. Hotchkiss. 2004

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The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei and Metarhizium anisopliae work synergistically in controlling overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in strawberry growbags (2010, background): “However, interactions between EPN and fungus can also lead to antagonistic effects (Shapiro-Ilan, Jackson, Reilly, and Hotchkiss, 2004 ; Ansari, Tirry, and Moens 2005 ).”
Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control (2006, result): “Sorokin (Ansari et al., 2004), whereas other studies indicate antagonism such as with Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Brinkman and Gardner, 2000) or Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith (Shapiro-Ilan et al., 2004).”
Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future. (2015, background): “However, interactions between entomopathogenic nematodes and 1939 other entomopathogens can also be antagonistic (Baur et al., 1998; Brinkman and Gardner, 2000; 1940 Koppenhöfer and Kaya, 1997; Shapiro-Ilan et al., 2004b).”
Entomopathogenic fungi as biological controllers: New insights into their virulence and pathogenicity (2012, background): “Shapiro-Ilan et al. (2004) studied combining entomopathogenic fungi with entomopathogenic nematodes on the larvae of Curculio caryae and pecan weevil.”