Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Additional Theory and Evidence

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Evidence of Discrimination (2012, background): “In fact, this statistic corresponds to a disparate treatment test in the sense that it is directly informative about a defendants bias BR : Indeed, equation (2) allows us to rewrite”
An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force (2019, unknown): “This is the spirit behind the seminal work in Knowles et al. (2001).”
Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences (2014, background): “bias against minority suspects ðe.g., Gelman, Fagan, and Kiss 2007Þ, although there is considerable debate as to whether these are driven by statistical or preference-based discrimination ðe.g., Knowles, Persico, and Todd 2001; Antonovics and Knight 2009Þ.”
Examining the influence of drivers' characteristics during traffic stops with police: Results from a national survey (2004, background): “Eight other studies, however, reported that black and/or Hispanic citizens had higher success rates than did whites (Carter et al., 2001; Cordner et al., 2001; Farrell et al., 2002; Greenwald, 2001; Knowles et al., 2001; Morgan, . 2002; Thomas & Carlson, 2001; Verniero & Zoubek, 1999).”
An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias (2007, background): “Addressing these two concerns, Dharmapala and Ross (2004) identified different equilibria that lead to different conclusions about racial prejudice in police stops and searches.”