Empirical Selection of Anchors for Tests of Differential Item Functioning

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Measurement Invariance for Latent Constructs in Multiple Populations (2012, methodology): “…and (b) group identity in mean intercepts (constraint [5]) when prior knowledge is available that amounts to group identity in the intercepts of a reference indicator per factor (cf. Millsap, 2011; Millsap & Olivera-Aguilar, in press; Vandenberg & Lance, 2000; Woods, 2009; Yoon & Millsap, 2007).”
Testing for Nonuniform Differential Item Functioning With Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause Models (2011, methodology): “The effect of using raw, versus BH-corrected, p values was that current hit rates were less attenuated for MIMIC models (without the interaction) and IRT-LR-DIF than in Woods (2009a); the overall pattern of results was the same.”
The Langer-Improved Wald Test for DIF Testing With Multiple Groups (2013, methodology): “Purification or empirical anchor selection methods are commonly discussed in the DIF literature and lead to more accurate Type I error rates when there are studied items that function differently (Kim & Cohen, 1995; Wang, 2004; Woods, 2009).”
The DIF-Free-Then-DIF Strategy for the Assessment of Differential Item Functioning (2012, methodology): “Woods (2009) simulated 1,500 and 500 examinees for the reference and focal groups, respectively.”