The Roles of Equatorial Trapped Waves and Internal Inertia–Gravity Waves in Driving the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. Part I: Zonal Mean Wave Forcing

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Interaction of gravity waves with the QBO: A satellite perspective (2014, methodology): “Because of its importance for the dynamics of the whole atmosphere, much effort has been made to simulate a QBO, as realistically as possible, in general circulation models (GCMs) and chemistry-climate models (CCMs) [e.g., Scaife et al., 2000; Giorgetta et al., 2002, 2006; Kawatani et al., 2010; Orr”
The JRA-55 Reanalysis: Representation of Atmospheric Circulation and Climate Variability (2016, background): “Kawatani et al. (2010) pointed out that eastward equatorial waves including Kelvin waves contribute up to 25–50 % to driving the QBO in the eastward wind shear (westerly acceleration phase).”
A comparison between gravity wave momentum fluxes in observations and climate models (2013, background): “It is thought that this might be due to too weak tropical upwelling in theKantomodel (see Kawatani et al. 2010).”
Predictability of the quasi‐biennial oscillation and its northern winter teleconnection on seasonal to decadal timescales (2014, background): “However, these “perfect predictability” estimates may be different in models with a QBO that does not rely on parameterized gravity waves [e.g., Kawatani et al., 2010] and it is not yet known whether including variability in gravity wave sources would make predictions less skilful by adding…”