The Psychology of Terrorism: “Syndrome” Versus “Tool” Perspectives

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Fully Committed: Suicide Bombers' Motivation and the Quest for Personal Significance (2009, background): “Thus, whereas many may agree that the goal of the terrorist organization is worthy, and that terrorism constitutes an effective and morally warranted means to that goal (Kruglanski & Fishman, 2006), only some may adopt the act of suicidal terrorism as their personal assignment.”
A dynamic model of engagement in normative and non-normative collective action: Psychological antecedents, consequences, and barriers (2015, methodology): “Recent thinking in psychology has, however, moved away from the view of terrorism as a “syndrome” and has started to view it as a method of social and political influence (Kruglanski & Fishman, 2006).”
Psychological factors in terrorism and counterterrorism: Individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis. (2009, methodology): “As already noted, on the organization level at least terrorism may be thought of as means to an end, a tool employed for a specific purpose (Kruglanski & Fishman, 2006).”
Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes (2017, unknown): “…and terrorism disengage from moral, legal, and religious standards in order to justify the use of violence against civilians (Aly, Taylor, and Karnovsky 2014; Kruglanski and Fishman 2006; LaFree and Ackerman 2009; Pauwels and De Waele 2014; Schils and Pauwels 2014; Slootman and Tille 2006).”