Multiple interacting ecosystem drivers: toward an encompassing hypothesis of oak forest dynamics across eastern North America

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Emergent insects, pathogens and drought shape changing patterns in oak decline in North America and Europe (2015, background): “Multiple ecosystem drivers, including frequent drought, land-use change, loss of foundation species, and herbivore population dynamics, have shaped eastern North American hardwood forests of today (Abrams, 1996; McEwan et al., 2011).”
Changes in stand structure and tree vigor with repeated prescribed fire in an Appalachian hardwood forest (2015, background): “…McEwan et al., 2011), changing human uses of the landscape (Guyette et al., 2002), and impacts of other organisms, such as the passenger pigeon (Ellsworth and McComb, 2003), white-tailed deer and other herbivores (McEwan et al., 2011), and chestnut blight (Keever, 1953; Woods and Shanks, 1959).”
Advances in restoration ecology: rising to the challenges of the coming decades (2015, background): “However, this would only be possible with an adequate understanding of the contemporary ecology of eastern North American forests which are substantially changed from when the chestnut was extirpated (McEwan et al. 2011).”
Effects of abundant white-tailed deer on vegetation, animals, mycorrhizal fungi, and soils (2014, background): “Lack of oak regeneration is a problem throughout central hardwood forests and both intense deer browsing has been named as one contributing cause (McEwan et al., 2011) because deer have a strong preference for acorns (Duvendeck, 1962).”