Emergent insects, pathogens and drought shape changing patterns in oak decline in North America and Europe

By L. Haavik, S. Billings, James M. Guldin, F. Stephen. 2015

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Which trees die during drought? The key role of insect host‐tree selection (2019, background): “…in light of increasing reports of damaging insect outbreaks—often associated with novel environ - mental conditions, including hotter droughts—by native species that previously were considered to be innocuous (Haavik, Billings, Guldin, & Stephen, 2015; Kolb et al., 2016; Weed et al., 2013).”
Drought-induced oak decline in the western Mediterranean region: an overview on current evidences, mechanisms and management options to improve forest resilience (2017, background): “During the last decades, several defoliating insects species have been reported among the main mortality agents of oak forests, particularly in Northern America (see Haavik et al. 2015 for a review).”
Observed and anticipated impacts of drought on forest insects and diseases in the United States (2016, background): “One exception is the recent epidemic of red oak mortality in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains (Jones et al., 2014; Haavik et al., 2015) that has been associated with drought and the wood boring beetle, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haavik and Stephen, 2010).”