Impedance-based simulation models of supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries for power electronic applications

By S. Buller, M. Thele, R. W. D. Doncker, E. Karden. IEEE transactions on industry applications, 2003

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Various battery models for various simulation studies and applications (2014, background): “Likewise, the positive reactance response can be neglected [34–38].”
A survey of mathematics-based equivalent-circuit and electrochemical battery models for hybrid and electric vehicle simulation (2014, unknown): “Another challenge is that the behaviour of the Warburg element is deﬁned in the frequency domain, and must be converted to a series of resistor-capacitor pairs in order to be simulated in the time domain [22, 38].”
Control oriented 1D electrochemical model of lithium ion battery (2007, methodology): “Development of an accurate online dynamic battery model is difficult given the nonlinear, infinite dimensional, distributed mass transport processes governing electrochemical system dynamics [ 3 ,4].”
Computer-Aided Design and Optimization of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (2013, unknown): “A lithium-ion battery model introduced in [24] employs the method of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.”