The evolutionary implications of exploitation in mycorrhizas

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Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages (2010, background): “However, it is highly probable that at least some EcM fungal species have become exploitative on their partners (see discussion on stable isotopes and tripartite associations) (Egger and Hibbett 2004).”
Evolution of nutritional modes of Ceratobasidiaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) as revealed from publicly available ITS sequences (2013, background): “Thus, the balance between costs and benefits for fungi remains poorly understood in OrM (Dearnaley et al. 2012), and we treat here the association between autotrophic orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi as symbiotic along the mutualismeparasitism continuum (Egger & Hibbett 2004).”
The Behavioral Ecology of Nutrient Foraging by Plants (2011, background): “We suggest that viewing mycorrhizae as examples of reciprocal parasitism (e.g., Egger & Hibbett 2004) rather than root extensions may result in novel insight into plant foraging behavior.”
Exploring functional definitions of mycorrhizas: Are mycorrhizas always mutualisms? (2004, background): “It is highly likely that some plants or fungi are cheaters (Smith and Smith 1996; see Egger and Hibbett 2004), but it is probably impossible to determine whether a specific association benefits the symbionts under field conditions, especially if the plant is a long-lived perennial.”