Ecosystem Flips, Locks, and Feedbacks: the Lasting Effects of Fisheries on Maine's Kelp Forest Ecosystem

By Robert Steneck, Amanda V. Leland, D. McNaught, J. Vavřinec. 2013

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Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems (2014, unknown): “%) mass (g) (kg m–2) Alaska, USA Exp 72 16 1.81a 0.41a 77 25 − Konar & Estes (2003) California, USA Obs 14 2−3 2.81a 0.4−0.61a 82b 200 0.2−0.6 Dean et al. (1984), Dayton et al. (1992) Chile Obs 36 20−28 − − − − − Vásquez et al. (2006) Nova Scotia, Obs, Exp 31−65 − 1.5−3.2c 0.15−0.25 91b 49 2.0−5.0 B”
Invasive seaweeds transform habitat structure and increase biodiversity of associated species (2017, background): “These communities were transformed from a historical kelp bed community to one dominated by sea urchin barrens in the early 1980s (Steneck et al. 2013).”
American lobster dynamics in a brave new ocean1 (2013, background): “If so, when predation was relaxed by fishing, population increases were evident among several important mobile invertebrate prey, including lobsters, crabs, and sea urchins (Frank et al. 2005; Boudreau and Worm 2010; Steneck et al. 2013).”
Network resilience (2020, background): “ample, through resource exploitation, pollution, landuse change, possible climatic impact and altered disturbance regimes [64, 68, 158].”