The depth of chemical time and the power of enzymes as catalysts.

By R. Wolfenden, M. Snider. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2001

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An exciting but challenging road ahead for computational enzyme design (2010, background): “For example, arginine decarboxylase, alkaline phosphatase, and staphylococcal nuclease enhance the rates of the reactions they catalyze by more than 10(14) fold.(4) The effective second order rate constants for naturally occurring enzymes are typically within three orders of magnitude of diffusion c”
Emerging themes in the computational design of novel enzymes and protein–protein interfaces (2013, background): “Natural enzymes are amazingly proﬁcient catalysts that can accelerate the rates of their cognate reactions by as much as 10 23 fold [12].”
Outlook for cellulase improvement: screening and selection strategies. (2006, background): “The cellulose molecule is very stable, with a half life of 5–8 million years for β-glucosidic bond cleavage at 25 °C (Wolfenden and Snider, 2001), while the much faster enzyme-driven cellulose biodegradation process is vital to return the carbon in sediments to the atmosphere (Berner, 2003; Cox et…”
Dissecting enzyme function with microfluidic-based deep mutational scanning (2015, background): “E are powerful biological catalysts capable of remarkably accelerating the rates of chemical transformations (1).”