Phenolic contents of submerged, emergent and floating leaves of aquatic and semi-aquatic macrophyte species: why do they differ?

By A. Smolders, L. Vergeer, G. van der Velde, J. Roelofs. 2000

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Allelopathy of Aquatic Autotrophs (2003, background): “This is much higher than concentrations of phenolic compounds observed in submersed macrophytes of other families (Gross, 1999; Smolders et al., 2000; Choi et al., 2002).”
Herbivory on aquatic vascular plants by the introduced golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Lao PDR (2005, background): “Unfortunately we lack growth data for duckweed in this experiment, but this family has one of the fastest growths among vascular plants, as well as the lowest level of tannins of floating macrophytes (Smolders et al. 2000).”
Herbivory on freshwater and marine macrophytes: A review and perspective (2016, background): “Interestingly, in freshwater systems, the concentrations of phenolic compounds decrease from emergent to floating to submerged plants (Smolders et al., 2000), suggesting not only higher nutritional quality, but also less defended tissues, resulting in generally higher palatability of submerged…”