Protein sidechain conformer prediction: a test of the energy function.

By R. Petrella, T. Lazaridis, M. Karplus. 1998

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Scientific Benchmarks for Guiding Macromolecular Energy Function Improvement (2013, methodology): “Variants of the rotamer recovery test have long been used to evaluate molecular structure energy functions (Petrella et al., 1998; Liang & Grishin, 2002), including extensive use to evaluate the Rosetta energy function (Kortemme et al.”
The penultimate rotamer library (2000, background): “conformations that are, in part, spatially isosteric for the sulfur and sometimes the Ce.(51) If x2 is p, then rotating x1 by 160° and x2 by 2120° will return the sulfur atom to its original position.”
Side‐chain modeling with an optimized scoring function (2002, background): “Even when rotamer libraries are used, the combinatorial nature of side-chain placement on a given protein backbone has been often cited as the main obstacle to the correct prediction of side-chain conformation (Lee and Subbiah 1991; Eisenmenger et al. 1993; Petrella et al. 1998).”