Antibacterial activity of chitin, chitosan and its oligomers prepared from shrimp shell waste

By M. T. Benhabiles, R. Salah, Hakim Lounici, N. Drouiche, M. Goosen, N. Mameri. 2012

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Chitosan nanoparticles extracted from shrimp shells, application for removal of Fe(II) and Mn(II) from aqueous phases (2018, background): “However, demineralization was easily achieved because of decomposition of calcium carbonate into the water-soluble calcium salts with the release of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation.([9,25,26]) 2HCl þ CaCo3 ! CaCl2 þH2Oþ Co2 "”
Chitin and Chitosan Preparation from Marine Sources. Structure, Properties and Applications (2015, neutral): “[188] preparing oligomers of chitin and chitosan.”
Scaffolds for 3D Cell Culture and Cellular Agriculture Applications Derived From Non-animal Sources (2019, background): “Chitin and chitosan alone portrayed a bacteriostatic effect on gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, and Bacteroides fragilis (Benhabiles et al., 2012).”
Extraction of chitin from prawn shells and conversion to low molecular mass chitosan (2013, methodology): “Chitin yield from shrimp shells has been reported to be 10e30% depending on the shrimp species and the method used (Acosta, Jiménez, Borau, & Heras, 1993; Benhabiles et al., 2012; Tolaimate, Desbrieres, Rhazi, & Alagui, 2003; Tolaimate et al., 2000).”