Storm sudden commencement events and the associated geomagnetically induced current risks to ground‐based systems at low‐latitude and midlatitude locations

By J. Kappenman. 2003

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Generation of 100‐year geomagnetically induced current scenarios (2012, methodology): “First, if computation of GIC distribution throughout the (regional) system is needed, one can apply techniques by Lehtinen and Pirjola (1985) for discretely grounded systems such as high voltage transmission systems and so-called distributed source transmission line (DSTL) theory for continuously gr”
Geomagnetic storm of 29–31 October 2003: Geomagnetically induced currents and their relation to problems in the Swedish high‐voltage power transmission system (2005, background): “In contrast to substorms, the magnetic signature of SSC can be observed globally, creating GIC also at lower latitudes [Kappenman, 2003].”
An overview of the impulsive geomagnetic field disturbances and power grid impacts associated with the violent Sun‐Earth connection events of 29–31 October 2003 and a comparative evaluation with other contemporary storms (2005, background): “[16] Impulsive geomagnetic field disturbances with high dB/dt intensity associated with the arrival of interplanetary pressure pulses at the leading edge of ICME arrival have been a source of large GIC observations even at low latitudes [Kappenman, 2003].”