Geomagnetic storm of 29–31 October 2003: Geomagnetically induced currents and their relation to problems in the Swedish high‐voltage power transmission system

By A. Pulkkinen, S. Lindahl, A. Viljanen, R. Pirjola. 2005

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Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network (CHAIN) (2009, background): “Space weather effects can damage satellite systems [e.g., Baker et al., 1998], affect communication systems, and cause disruption of power transmissions [Boteler, 1998; Pulkkinen et al., 2005] and cause other phenomena [Hunsucker and Hargreaves, 2003].”
Generation of 100‐year geomagnetically induced current scenarios (2012, background): “TheMarch 1989 storm caused the collapse of the Hydro Quebec highvoltage power transmission system while the October 2003 storm caused the blackout in Southern Sweden [Pulkkinen et al., 2005] and possibly problems with the South African high-voltage transmission system [Gaunt and Coetzee, 2007].”
Quantifying the daily economic impact of extreme space weather due to failure in electricity transmission infrastructure (2017, background): “ECONOMIC IMPACT OF EXTREME SPACE WEATHER 67 During the 2003 “Halloween storm” (Dst~ 353 nT) roughly 50,000 customers were left without power for an hour in Malmö, Sweden, when harmonic distortions produced by GIC tripped overly sensitive protective relays [Pulkkinen et al., 2005].”
Differences between CME‐driven storms and CIR‐driven storms (2006, background): “can be driven by shock compression of the magnetosphere or by a substorm [Pulkkinen et al., 2005].”