Akt-Mediated Regulation of Autophagy and Tumorigenesis Through Beclin 1 Phosphorylation

By Richard C. Wang, Yongjie Wei, Zhenyi An, Z. Zou, Guanghua Xiao, G. Bhagat, M. White, J. Reichelt, Beth Levine. Science, 2012

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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (2012, neutral): “be a useful technique to monitor the functional activity of this complex during autophagy modulation.(522,523,579)”
Autophagy-Independent Functions of the Autophagy Machinery (2019, background): “Thus, it has become clear that autophagy occupies a central position in the biology of most eukaryotes, interfacing with the regulation of core metabolism (He et al., 2012; Sousa et al., 2016) , damage control (Ferná ndez et al., 2018; Khaminets et al., 2015; Mathew et al., 2007) , and cell death Wa”
Autophagy in malignant transformation and cancer progression (2015, positive): “…the inactivating phosphorylation of the MTOR-repressing tumor sclerosis (TSC) complex, but also by phosphorylating and hence inhibiting BECN1 (Wang et al , 2012a), and perhaps by promoting the ability of TP53 to block autophagy in baseline or near-to-baseline conditions via a X-linked…”
Cell Death Signaling. (2015, background): “Akt directly phosphorylates beclin 1, thus allowing it to bind to 14-3-3 (Wang et al. 2012).”
Oxidative stress and autophagy: the clash between damage and metabolic needs (2014, background): “In support of this hypothesis, it has been reported that the two protein kinases positively regulating HKII activity, Akt and myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK), are negative modulators of autophagy.(58,59)”