Large eddy simulation wall-modeling based on suboptimal control theory and linear stochastic estimation

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Grid-point requirements for large eddy simulation: Chapman’s estimates revisited (2012, background): “In most wall-modeled LES to date the number of grid points nxnynz used to resolve the cubic computational volume of δ(3) has been in the range 1200 ∼ 33000 (nx = 5 ∼ 32, ny = 16 ∼ 32 and nz = 15 ∼ 32) (Spalart et al. 1997; Cabot & Moin 1999; Nicoud et al. 2001; Piomelli & Balaras 2002; Keating & Pio”
Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles (2014, methodology): “…promising WMLES approach is to perform LES with the wall shear stress as the boundary condition at the wall (instead of the no-slip condition) without resolving the near-wall region (Chung & Pullin 2009, Kawai & Larsson 2012, Lee et al. 2013, Nicoud et al. 2001, Schumann 1975, Wang & Moin 2002).”
Wall-layer models for large-eddy simulations (2008, methodology): “[63] used suboptimal control theory to supply a wall stress that forced the outer LES to the desired mean velocity profile.”
Wall-modeling in large eddy simulation: Length scales, grid resolution, and accuracy (2012, methodology): “was given as a major reason by Nicoud et al. (2001) for developing a wall model based on control theory.”