Wall-modeling in large eddy simulation: Length scales, grid resolution, and accuracy

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Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles (2014, methodology): “…promising WMLES approach is to perform LES with the wall shear stress as the boundary condition at the wall (instead of the no-slip condition) without resolving the near-wall region (Chung & Pullin 2009, Kawai & Larsson 2012, Lee et al. 2013, Nicoud et al. 2001, Schumann 1975, Wang & Moin 2002).”
Importance of the nozzle-exit boundary-layer state in subsonic turbulent jets (2018, methodology): “Wall modelling When active, the equilibrium wall model, based on the work of Bodart & Larsson (2011) and Kawai & Larsson (2012), is applied inside the nozzle in the straight-pipe section between the boundary-layer trip and the nozzle exit (see figure 1c).”
Confinement effects in shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions through wall-modelled large-eddy simulations (2014, methodology): “…cells away from the wall, in order to reduce the numerical error by utilizing information from a better-resolved part of the LES, as proposed in Kawai & Larsson (2012): the velocity passed from the LES to the wall model does not capture the flow reversal occurring below and, therefore, nor…”
Large eddy simulation with modeled wall-stress: recent progress and future directions (2016, methodology): “The remainder of this section lays out the details of this approach and why it works, following Kawai & Larsson (2012).”