Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: an observational study.

By S. Anker, A. Negassa, A. Coats, Rizwan Afzal, P. Poole‐Wilson, J. Cohn, S. Yusuf. The Lancet, 2003

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ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 ‡ (2008, neutral): “Cardiac cachexia is an important predictor of reduced survival.(80) † If weight loss during the last 6 months is .”
Myocardial fatty acid metabolism in health and disease. (2010, background): “However, one must use caution when interpreting the results of such findings, as cachexia is associated with a poorer outcome in patients with heart failure (20, 119, 609).”
IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia--the good, the bad, and the ugly. (2005, background): “A recent study of 1920 CHF patients from the SOLVD trial demonstrated that treatment with an ACE inhibitor reduced the risk of weight loss [134], supporting the hypothesis of relationships among wasting, the renin-angiotensin system, and inflammation.”
Myocardial substrate metabolism in the normal and failing heart. (2005, background): “These observations are complicated by the fact that cachexia is a positive predictor of mortality in HF, and weight loss is strongly associated with poor outcome (7, 80).”
An Update on the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (2009, background): “(21) Do something that will relieve your symptoms 0.”