Effects of tillage method and crop rotation on non-renewable energy use efficiency for a thin Black Chernozem in the Canadian Prairies.

By R. Zentner, G. Lafond, D. Derksen, C. Nagy, D. Wall, W.E May. 2004

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Tillage and rotation effect on corn–soybean energy balances in eastern Nebraska (2007, background): “Opposite results were reported by Zentner et al. (1998, 2004) who found that energy output was generally lower with conventional tillage (sweep cultivator) than with minimum or no-till management.”
Rainfed crop energy balance of different farming systems and crop rotations in a semi-arid environment: Results of a long-term trial (2011, methodology): “…in conventional, conservation and organic farming systems, respectively, representing 0.1, 0.06 and 0.2% of total energy inputs in each system), values of a technified agriculture in developed countries (Zentner et al., 1984, 2004; Borin et al., 1997; Hülsbergen et al., 2001; Rathke et al., 2007).”
The Carbon and Global Warming Potential Impacts of Organic Farming: Does It Have a Significant Role in an Energy Constrained World? (2011, background): “[100] found that although the use of minimum and zero tillage practices provided significant energy savings in the form of fuel and machinery, these savings were largely offset by increased energy expended on pesticides and N fertilizers.”
Nitrogen Economy of Pulse Crop Production in the Northern Great Plains (2007, background): “It has long been recognized that N fertilizer represents one of the main economic and energy costs of continuous cropping systems in the Northern Great Plains ( Zentner et al., 1984, 2002a, 2002b, 2004 ).”