CHANGING RACIAL LABELS: FROM “COLORED” TO “NEGRO” TO “BLACK” TO “AFRICAN AMERICAN”

By Tom W. Smith. 1992

Subfields: Linguistics, Social Sciences & Humanities

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Citations in the corpus

“I’m sorry to hear that”: Finding New Biases in Language Models with a Holistic Descriptor Dataset (2022, methodology): “, 2018), and since people references are prone to change over time (Smith, 1992; Galinsky et al., 2003; Haller et al., 2006; Zimman and Hayworth, 2020), we have taken inspiration from calls to make model evaluation more dynamic (Kiela et al.”
Bringing Disability into the Sociological Frame: A comparison of disability with race, sex, and sexual orientation statuses (2001, background): “But when “Negro” had become ensconced in discriminatory public policy and social prejudice, “black” and “Afro-American” were offered by social movement leaders as a signal of a reborn collective power (Smith, 1992).”
#BlackGirlMagic: The identity conceptualization of Black women in undergraduate STEM education (2018, background): “A STEM identity is contingent upon the recognition of self as being a competent participant in STEM but also the recognition by others as such (Carlone & Johnson, 2007; Martin, 2006).”
"I'm sorry to hear that": finding bias in language models with a holistic descriptor dataset (2022, result): “…refer to ourselves and others in an endless number of ways (Van Miltenburg et al., 2018), and since people references are prone to change over time (Smith, 1992; Galinsky et al., 2003; Haller et al., 2006; Zimman and Hayworth, 2020), we have taken inspiration from calls to make model evaluation…”
Black Names, Immigrant Names: Navigating Race and Ethnicity Through Personal Names (2019, background): “There are in fact several instances of group self-renaming for African Americans at different time periods (Philogène, 1999; Smith, 1992).”
Perturbation Augmentation for Fairer NLP (2022, methodology): “We encouraged annotators to use these conventions, but they are unlikely to be uniformly applied, as human group references are prone to change over time (Smith, 1992; Galinsky et al., 2003; Haller et al., 2006; Zimman and Hayworth, 2020).”
THE REAPPROPRIATION OF STIGMATIZING LABELS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL IDENTITY (2003, background): “The change from “Colored” to “Negro” and then “Black” were attempts to reject the slave owners’ terminology, to break with the position of enslavement (Smith, 1992).”