Additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V components by shaped metal deposition: Microstructure and mechanical properties

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A Review of Metal Additive Manufacturing Technologies (2018, background): “3D Welding, commonly known as Shaped Metal Deposition (SMD) [39], is a wire-based process in which a wire of small diameter is fed and melted, (a) (b) 4 Manufacturing Engineering and Process VII”
Study on Arc Welding Processes for High Deposition Rate Additive Manufacturing (2018, methodology): “So, processes such as gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or plasma arc welding (PAW) have been applied for additive manufacturing of steel [2,3], aluminium [4,5], nickel superalloys [6,7] and Titanium alloys [8-12].”
The effects of forced interpass cooling on the material properties of wire arc additively manufactured Ti6Al4V alloy (2018, background): “It should be mentioned that these parallel bands perform inconsistency with visible deposition layers, which is evident by their end in the indentation between layered bulges (Baufeld et al., 2010).”
Criticality of porosity defects on the fatigue performance of wire + arc additive manufactured titanium alloy (2019, background): “Although WAAM Ti-6Al-4V seldom contains process-induced defects, studies have shown that feedstock contamination can be a common source for occurrence of gas pores [5,17].”