Varieties of submissive behavior as forms of social defense: Their evolution and role in depression.

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Psychobiological Responses to Social Self Threat: Functional or Detrimental? (2009, background): “Shame is associated with a submissive display, including a bowed head, slumped posture and eye gaze avoidance (Gilbert, 2000; Keltner, 1995).”
When the social self is threatened: shame, physiology, and health. (2004, background): “The characteristic nonverbal display associated with shame includes head down, slumped posture, and eye gaze avoidance (Gilbert, 2000; Keltner, 1995), which are similar to some of the displays that denote submission in primates.”
Envy and positional bias in the evolutionary psychology of management (2006, background): “…has been shaped by natural selection to signal competitive disadvantage, making individuals experience a strong resentful awareness of a fitnessaugmenting advantage enjoyed by others with whom they are in direct competition combined with a desire to possess the same advantage (Gilbert, 1990, 2000).”