How, whether, why: Causal judgments as counterfactual contrasts

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CLEVRER: CoLlision Events for Video REpresentation and Reasoning (2019, methodology): “We introduce a video reasoning benchmark for this problem, drawing inspirations from developmental psychology (Gerstenberg et al., 2015; Ullman, 2015).”
COPHY: Counterfactual Learning of Physical Dynamics (2019, background): “This is aligned well with the concepts of whether-causation and how-causation deﬁned in the ﬁeld of perceived causality (Gerstenberg et al., 2015).”
The Tools Challenge: Rapid Trial-and-Error Learning in Physical Problem Solving (2019, background): “We normalize each distance by the minimum distance that would have been achieved if no action had been taken, to better account for how much of a difference an action made to the outcome (Gerstenberg, Goodman, Lagnado, & Tenenbaum, 2015).”
Rapid trial-and-error learning with simulation supports flexible tool use and physical reasoning (2019, background): “we borrow an idea from the causal reasoning literature for how people conceptualize “almost” succeeding (20).”