Masculine Bias in the Attribution of Personhood: People = Male, Male = People

By M. Hamilton. 1991

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Citations in the corpus

Investigating Failures of Automatic Translation in the Case of Unambiguous Gender (2021, neutral): “In aggregate, these results likely reflect the cultural fact than many languages utilize the masculine form to refer to generic people (Gastil, 1990; Hamilton, 1991).”
Gender Bias in Machine Translation (2021, background): “Feminist language critique provided extensive analysis of such a phenomenon by highlighting how referents in discourse are considered men by default unless explicitly stated (Silveira, 1980; Hamilton, 1991).”
Gender Stereotyping and Under-representation of Female Characters in 200 Popular Children’s Picture Books: A Twenty-first Century Update (2006, result): “Kinman and Henderson (1985), Oskamp et al.”
Is Man the Measure of All Things? A Social Cognitive Account of Androcentrism (2018, background): “For example, female participants (M. C. Hamilton, 1991) and participants lower in sexist ideologies (Sczesny et al., 2015) are less likely to behave in androcentric ways.”
Androcentric Reporting of Gender Differences in APA Journals: 1965–2004 (2006, background): “Even among those adults who understand that “he” has a generic meaning, the pronoun prompts mental imagery of males more than females (e.g., Gastil, 1990; Hamilton, 1988, 1991; Ng, 1990).”
Definitions of Gender and Sex: The Subtleties of Meaning (2000, methodology): “She ( Hamilton, 1991 ) found that after listening to stories in which either masculine pronouns, neutral pronouns, or masculine and feminine pronouns were used to describe a group of people, participants who’d heard the masculine pronouns reported more mental images of male than female story charact”