The Perceived Stress Scale: Evaluating Configural, Metric and Scalar Invariance across Mental Health Status and Gender

By Jennifer A. A. Lavoie, K. Douglas. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2011

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Conducting Measurement Invariance Tests with Ordinal Data: A Guide for Social Work Researchers (2015, background): “Lavoie and Douglas (2012) examined measurement invariance of the PSS using WLSMV and polychoric correlations across gender and mental health status of psychiatric patients in the United States.”
Building Resilience in Social Workers: An Exploratory Study on the Impacts of a Mindfulness-based Intervention (2017, background): “The scale’s concurrent validity has been demonstrated, and the reliability coefficient has been reported to be .84 to .86 (Lavoie & Douglas, 2011; Siqueira Reis, Ferreira Hino, & Rodriguez Anez, 2010).”
Review of the psychometric evidence of the perceived stress scale. (2012, background): “…of measurement bias, given that the women are more likely to score on the negatively worded items of the PSS (Gitchel, Roessler, & Turner, 2012), while others believe that there is a true gender difference arising from social, biological, or psychological influences (Lavoie & Douglas, 2012).”
Evaluating the Perceived Stress Scale among UK university students: implications for stress measurement and management (2019, methodology): “Yet, similar to this study, Lavoie and Douglas (2012) found no evidence of a gender bias.”