Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learning.

By Martin Heisenberg, Alexander Borst, S. Wagner, D. Byers. 1985

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Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rules (2016, background): “DOI: 10.7554/eLife.16135 1 of 15 MBONs and DANs overlap precisely, defining 15 distinct compartmental units that tile the MB lobes of adult Drosophila (Tanaka et al., 2008; Aso et al., 2014a).”
Mushroom body output neurons encode valence and guide memory-based action selection in Drosophila (2014, background): “DOI: 10.7554/eLife.04580 2 of 42 Research article The mushroom body (MB) is the main center of associative memory in insect brains (de Belle and Heisenberg, 1994, Heisenberg et al., 1985; Dubnau et al., 2001; McGuire et al., 2001).”
Recognition (2003, neutral): “…body (MB)/Kenyon cells (KCs) in insects—where sparse combinatorial codes are translated into associative memories, patterns, and behavioral decisions (de Belle & Heisenberg, 1994; Dubnau et al., 2001; Heisenberg et al., 1985; McGuire et al., 2001; Davison & Ehlers, 2011; Miyamichi et al., 2011).”
The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learning (2014, background): “The MBONs are thought to elicit learned behavioral responses, and it is therefore of interest that four MBON types project to the lateral horn (Figure 18—figure supplement 1), a brain region responsible for innate odor responses (Heisenberg et al., 1985).”
WRITING MEMORIES WITH LIGHT-ADDRESSABLE REINFORCEMENT CIRCUITRY (2009, background): “Of these, only the mushroom body has been implicated in response plasticity (Heisenberg et al., 1985; de Belle and Heisenberg, 1994; Zars et al., 2000; McGuire et al., 2003).”
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons Underlies Learned Olfactory Behavior in Drosophila (2015, background): “In contrast, disrupting the mushroom body has long been known to impair learned responses (Heisenberg et al., 1985; Dubnau et al., 2001; McGuire et al., 2001; Schwaerzel et al., 2002), consistent with the MB being critical for odor memory (Heisenberg, 2003).”
Propagation of homeostatic sleep signals by segregated synaptic microcircuits of the Drosophila mushroom body (2015, unknown): “INTRODUCTION The Drosophila MB is an associative memory network of evolutionary origin likely conserved with mammalian cerebral Current Biology 25, 2915–292 cortex that has also been implicated in the control of sleep [1–12].”
The organization of extrinsic neurons and their implications in the functional roles of the mushroom bodies in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. (1998, background): “…and memory to the mushroom bodies (for review, see Davis 1993), or which have shown that anatomical defects in the mushroom bodies (Heisenberg 1980; Heisenberg et al. 1985), even to the extent of their complete absence (de Belle and Heisenberg 1994), can impair or abolish olfactory learning and…”
Mushroom body memoir: from maps to models (2003, methodology): “This result is particularly trustworthy as it was obtained by various learning tests and by three different intervention method”
Functional dissection of the Drosophila mushroom bodies by selective feminization of genetically defined subcompartments. (1995, background): “Moreover, anatomical defects of mushroom-body-miniature mutants are essentially limited to females (Heisenberg et al., 1985) suggesting that mushroom body sexual dimorphism is more fundamental than would be concluded from their gross appearance.”
Odorant-induced oscillations in the mushroom bodies of the locust (1994, background): “…work in this and other insects, that already identified the mushroom bodies as a probable association (multimodal) and learning center (see, e.g., Homberg, 1984; Schildberger, 1984; Heisenberg et al., 1985; Erber et al., 1987; Menzel, 1987; Kanzaki et al., 1989; Mauelshagen, 1993).”
Parallel processing of appetitive short- and long-term memories in Drosophila. (2011, background): “, the olfactory memory center [9, 10], whereas LTM retrieval involves output from ab MB neurons; (2) STM information is not transferred from g neurons to ab neurons for LTM formation; and (3) the adenylyl cyclase RUT, which is thought to operate as a coincidence detector between the olfactory stimul”
Tripartite mushroom body architecture revealed by antigenic markers. (1998, background): “Indeed, mushroom bodies are important for olfactory conditioning in larvae, as demonstrated by defects in mbm (Heisenberg et al. 1985).”
Transposition Driven Genomic Heterogeneity in the Drosophila Brain: A Dissertation (2012, unknown): “It has been long known that in the Drosophila brain the structures called Mushroom Bodies (MB) are required for olfactory memory (Heisenberg et al., 1985; de Belle and Heisenberg, 1994).”
Short and Long-term memory in Drosophila require cAMP signaling in distinct neuron types (2009, background): “disrupted MB structure or pharmacological disruption of MB development [42–44] each block Pavlovian olfactory memory without impacting the ability to sense and respond to the US (shock) and CS (odor) stimuli.”