Sources of estrogen and their importance.

By E. Simpson. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2003

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The protective role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in cardiovascular disease and the controversial use of estrogen therapy (2017, background): “This extragonadal E2 production plays an important role, as it remains the only source of endogenous E2 production in postmenopausal women and men [10].”
Endocrine regulation of male fertility by the skeleton. (2011, neutral): “…mild increase in circulating estradiol levels in the Ocn−/− mice is that the increase in the number of adipocytes caused by Osteocalcin inactivation may result in an increase in the aromatization of testosterone into estrogen in fat (Nelson and Bulun, 2001; Simpson et al., 2000; Simpson, 2003).”
Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms (2019, background): “Estrone can also be transformed to estradiol by the enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in peripheral tissues, including adipose and breast tissue, vascular endothelium, smooth muscle cells, brain tissue, and bone cells, where it is metabolized or enters the circulation in small quantities (Bulu”