RESOURCE COMPETITION MODIFIES THE STRENGTH OF TRAIT- MEDIATED PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS: A META-ANALYSIS

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Sex-specific behavioural responses of elk to spatial and temporal variation in the threat of wolf predation (2007, background): “Because most prey (not just those individuals about to be killed by predators) respond to the threat of predation, the costs of risk reduction are likely to manifest themselves at both the individual and the population level, and may even exceed direct offtake (Ives & Dobson 1987; Bolnick & Preisse”
Predation in bird populations (2011, background): “This investment depends on the costs of these anti-predation behaviours and therefore often on the overall level of resources needed to offset these costs (Fig. 2). An interaction then arises between resource levels and the effects of predators on populations ( Bolnick and Preisser 2005; Preisser e”
Predation risk perception and food scarcity induce alterations of life‐cycle traits of the mosquito Culex pipiens (2007, background): “Depending on organisms, conditions, and types of the effects studied, food scarcity or resource competition can either exacerbate or mitigate effects of TMIs, but as yet no consistent pattern of interaction between food scarcity and TMI has been found ( Bolnick & Preisser, 2005 ).”