Why forests appear resistant to exotic plant invasions: intentional introductions, stand dynamics, and the role of shade tolerance

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Plant invasions are context‐dependent: multiscale effects of climate, human activity and habitat (2014, background): “The few shade-tolerant non-native species that could overcome the limitation of light availability in woodlands are very likely to survive even if it is in low numbers (Martin et al., 2009).”
Shading by invasive shrub reduces seed production and pollinator services in a native herb (2010, background): “Shrubs make up the largest percentage of invasive plant life forms (including trees, vines, herbs, and grasses), comprising 37% (29/78 species) of some of the worst invasive plants in North America (Martin et al. 2009).”
Grass invasion of a hardwood forest is associated with declines in belowground carbon pools (2010, background): “vimineum’s widespread occurrence and a call for increased emphasis on understory invaders of forest systems (Martin et al., 2009), more studies such as ours that assess the impacts of invasion on forest soil C pools are needed.”