Race and gender on the brain: electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals.

By Tiffany A. Ito, Geoffrey Urland. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003

690 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9522cc32176734decc4751f9c2c23e6c247bce2d

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Citations in the corpus

Inside the Black Box of Organizational Life: The Gendered Language of Performance Assessment (2020, background): “Indeed, research shows that, within milliseconds, people unconsciously categorize anyone with whom they interact as “male” and “female” to define who a person is in terms of their expected character and behavior (Ito and Urland 2003; Zarate and Smith 1990).”
A Road Map for an Emerging Psychology of Social Class (2012, background): “Many theorists argue that gender and race ⁄ethnicity are fundamental social categories that guide perception (e.g., Ridgeway, 2011), and research reveals that categorization by gender and race ⁄ethnicity is automatic and occurs instantaneously (e.g., Ito & Urland, 2003).”
Multicultural and Colorblind Ideology, Stereotypes, and Ethnocentrism among Black and White Americans (2007, background): “…a growing realization that people may be incapable of simply ignoring some differences, for example, obvious differences in physical features (Ito & Urland, 2003; Norton, Sommers, Apfelbaum, Pura, & Ariely, 2006), and concerns about a colorblind ideology that has become so strong that…”
Combatting gender discrimination: A lack of fit framework (2018, background): “Because gender is so noticeable and information about it so readily available, it is very often a primary dimension along which people are categorized (Ito & Urland, 2003; Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glas, 1992).”
Biosocial Construction of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior (2012, neutral): “Such beliefs form readily, fostered by quick and automatic categorization of people by their sex (e.g., Ito & Urland, 2003; Prentice & Miller, 2006).”
Eye-Gaze Direction Modulates Race-Related Amygdala Activity (2008, background): “Consistent with this reasoning, White perceivers have been found to orient their attention to faces of Black male targets (Ito & Urland, 2003, 2005; Richeson & Trawalter, 2008; Trawalter, Todd, Richeson, & Baird, 2007), much like individuals selectively attend to cues and stimuli associated with…”
“Ain’t I a Woman?”: Towards an Intersectional Approach to Person Perception and Group-based Harms (2008, background): “However, psychology has remained relatively silent on the importance of considering identities conjointly (see Groom et al. 2005; Ito and Urland 2003 ; W eitz and Gordon 1993 for exceptions).”
A Dynamic Perspective on Diverse Teams: Moving from the Dual-Process Model to a Dynamic Coordination-based Model of Diverse Team Performance (2016, background): “Existing individual-level diversity research suggests that categorization based on demographic differences happens rapidly, often unconsciously, and relatively effortlessly (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Ito & Urland, 2003).”
Event-related potentials and the decision to shoot: The role of threat perception and cognitive control (2006, background): “Ito and Urland (2003) showed that Black faces evoke larger P200s than Whites, consistent with the idea that Blacks were perceived as threatening by their White participants.”
Social Categorization and the Perception of Social Groups (2012, methodology): “Using neuroscience methods, Ito and Urland (2003) showed that perceivers are attentive to the race and sex of a face within a fraction of a second of its presentation (within 100 ms for race and 150 ms for gender).”
Continuous dynamics in the real-time perception of race (2010, background): “Indeed, ERP evidence has shown that attention is preferentially directed to Black targets early in processing ( Ito & Urland, 2003, 2005 ).”
Workplace harassment: double jeopardy for minority women. (2006, background): “When people look at a person they always see both sex and ethnicity (cf. Ito & Urland, 2003), and their expectations of, and responses to, an individual are based on this dual identity.”
Where the division lies: Common ingroup identity moderates the cross-race facial-recognition effect (2010, background): “Research demonstrates that race is automatically processed and difficult to ignore ( Ito & Urland, 2003 ).”