A relativistic jet from Cygnus X-1 in the low/hard X-ray state

By A. Stirling, C. Force, R. Spencer, M. Garrett, Robert P. Fender, R. Ogley. 2001

312 citations recorded by the source corpus.

We present the detection of a radio-emitting jet from the black hole candidate and X-ray binary source Cygnus X-1. Evidence of a bright core with a slightly extended structure was found on milliarcsecond resolution observations with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 15.4 GHz. Later observations with the VLBA [and including the phased-up, Very Large Array (VLA)] at 8.4 GHz show an extended jet-like feature extending to ∼ 15 mas from a core region, with an opening angle of 0.6c) jet during this state.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/94931489b3f1997272e7c5377da57a2f5d394d73

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Citations in the corpus

A Fundamental plane of black hole activity (2003, unknown): “…Schödel et al. (2002); (65) Orosz & Bailyn (1997); (66) Greiner, Cuby & McCaughrean (2001); (67) Ho, Terashima & Ulvestad (2003); (68) Verolme et al. (2002); (69) Dolan (1992); (70) Hanson, Still & Fender (2000); (71) Filippenko & Chornock (2001); (72) Stirling et al. (2001), (73) Fender etal.”
Near-Infrared Synchrotron Emission from the Compact Jet of GX 339–4 (2002, methodology): “This interpretation has been successfully confirmed with the direct imaging of a compact jet in Cyg X−1 (Stirling et al. 2001).”
On the origin of radio emission in radio-quiet quasars (2008, background): “The third and most luminous ULX, X-1 in M 82 (Kaaret, Simet & Lang 2006), was observed simultaneously with Chandra and the VLA.”
Gamma-ray binaries : pulsars in disguise? (2006, background): “Usually the radio emission is unresolved but imaging by very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) of Cyg X-1 in this state has revealed a compact, collimated radio outflow on a scale of a few AU (Stirling et al. 2001).”
The 'universal' radio/X-ray flux correlation : the case study of the black hole GX 339-4 (2012, background): “…from the accretion disc, and the presence of powerful self-absorbed compact jets (Corbel et al. 2000; Dhawan, Mirabel & Rodŕıguez 2000; Fender 2001; Stirling et al. 2001), 2) the soft state is mostly dominated by the thermal emission from the accretion disc and the absence of relativistic jets…”
Black hole accretion discs in the canonical low‐hard state (2009, background): “The uncertainty in this value follows the fact that the accretion disc in Cyg X-1 is thought to be precessing (Stirling et al. 2001; Romero, Kaufman Bernado & Mirabel 2002) with an average angle to the line of sight of ∼30◦ (Fender 2001).”
THE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE OF ACCRETION ONTO BLACK HOLES WITH DYNAMICAL MASSES (2009, unknown): “— (1) Fender et al. 1999; (2) Greiner et al. 2001a; (3) Muno et al. 2001; (4) Shahbaz et al. 1994; (5) Gallo et al. 2005a; (6) Bradley et al. 2007; (7) Bregman et al. 1973; (8) Herrero et al. 1995; (9) Stirling et al. 2001.”
The Soft Gamma-Ray Spectral Variability of Cygnus X-1 (2001, background): “Radio emission is also more pronounced in this state (Fender 2001), with evidence for a radio emitting relativistic jet (Stirling et al. 2001).”
Fast infrared variability from a relativistic jet in GX 339-4 (2010, background): “Assuming that the main physical properties of the jet do not change, we can rescale the jet elongation measured at radio wavelengths in the BH Cyg X-1 down to the IR wavelengths, obtaining a measurement of the distance of the IR-emitting region in the jet from the black hole in GX 339- 4.”
Radio/X-ray correlation in the low/hard state of GX 339-4 (2003, background): “Similar properties have now been observed in a growing number of persistent and transient BHCs (the jet has even been resolved in Cyg X−1, Stirling et al. 2001), thus suggesting that compact jets are ubiquitous in BHCs during the LHS (Fender 2001).”
Do X-ray binary spectral state transition luminosities vary? (2003, background): “…low/hard state would be implied than in the “superluminal” jets if the source were at such a small distance, in seeming contradiction to the observation that the jets of the low/hard state systems tend to be slower than those seen in the high luminosity flaring states (e.g. Stirling et al. 2001).”
A universal radio-X-ray correlation in low/hard state black hole binaries (2003, background): “With the direct imaging of a resolved compact radio jet from the core of Cygnus X–1 (Stirling et al. 2001), this association has been confirmed.”
Coronal outflow dominated accretion discs: a new possibility for low-luminosity black holes? (2001, background): “…jet in the black hole candidate Cygnus X-1 in the low/hard state h s been recently confirmed by milliarcsecond resolution VLBA observations (Stirling et al. 2001), while Fender (2001), on the basis of the observational evidence of strong radio compact jet correlating with hard X-ray…”
Jets in neutron star X-ray binaries: a comparison with black holes (2005, background): “Atoll sources in the hard X-ray state (4U 1728-34: open circles; Aql X-1: open stars) show a positive correlation betwen radio and X-ray luminosities over one order of magnitude in X-rays (with the exception of the point with the highest X-ray luminosity: see discussion in Migliari et al. 2003): a r”
GRS 1915+105 and the Disc-Jet Coupling in Accreting Black Hole Systems (2004, background): “In the bright hard state system Cygnus X-1, this radio emission has been resolved into a steady milliarsecond-scale jet (Stirling et al. 2001).”
WATCHDOG: A COMPREHENSIVE ALL-SKY DATABASE OF GALACTIC BLACK HOLE X-RAY BINARIES (2015, background): “…[358] Braes & Miley (1971), [359] Braes & Miley (1976), [360] Hjellming (1973), [361] Hjellming & Wade (1971b), [362] Tigelaar et al. (2004), [363]Stirling et al. (2001), [364] Fender et al. (2000b), [365] Kuulkers et al. (1999), [366] Miller-Jones et al. (2012), [367]Hog et al. (2000b), [368]…”
Refining the fundamental plane of accreting black holes (2006, background): “In the LH state the radio spectrum is always consistent with coming from a steady jet (Fender 2001), which can sometimes be directly imaged (Stirling et al. 2001).”
Long term variability of Cygnus X-1. I. X-ray spectral-temporal correlations in the hard state (2002, background): “The hard state shows weak and persistent radio emission that has been resolved as a type of steady jet (Stirling et al. 2001).”
On the Origin of Radio Emission in the X-Ray States of XTE J1650–500 during the 2001-2002 Outburst (2004, background): “Such characteristics are believed to originate from a self-absorbed conical outflow or compact jet (e.g. Blandford & Königl 1979 or Hjellming & Johnson 1988), similar to the one directly resolved from Cyg X−1 by Stirling et al. (2001).”