Radio/X-ray correlation in the low/hard state of GX 339-4

By Stéphane Corbel, Michael A. Nowak, Robert P. Fender, A. Tzioumis, S. Markoff. 2003

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We present the results of a long-term study of the black hole candidate GX 339 4 using simultaneous radio (from the Australia Telescope Compact Array) and X-ray (from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and BeppoSAX) observations performed between 1997 and 2000. We find strong evidence for a correlation between these two emission regimes that extends over more than three decades in X-ray flux, down to the quiescence level of GX 339 4. This is the strongest evidence to date for such strong coupling between radio and X-ray emission. We discuss these results in light of a jet model that can explain the radio/X-ray correlation. This could indicate that a significant fraction of the X-ray flux that is observed in the low-hard state of black hole candidates may be due to optically thin synchrotron emission from the compact jet.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/09ea3a14facb6832baca6127c3e17f5c2eae9359

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Citations in the corpus

Radiative efficiency of hot accretion flows (2012, background): “A correlation between the radio and the 2–10 keV luminosity (LX) has been found among the hard state of black hole X-ray binaries and low-luminosity AGNs (Corbel et al. 2000, 2003; Gallo, Fender & Pooley 2003; Merloni, Heinz & di Matteo 2003; Corbel et al. 2012; Gallo, Miller & Fender 2012), which i”
Jet-dominated states: an alternative to advection across black hole event horizons in ‘quiescent’ X-ray binaries (2003, background): “Corbel et al. (2003) discovered that, over four orders of magnitude in X-ray luminosity, the relation between radio c© 0000 RAS”
A radio-emitting outflow in the quiescent state of A0620−00: implications for modelling low-luminosity black hole binaries (2006, background): “Corbel et al. (2003) and Gallo, Fender & Pooley (2003; GFP03 hereafter) have established a quantitative coupling between accretion and the production of jets in hard state BHBs, in terms of a tight correlation between the X-ray and the radio luminosity (LX andLR), of the formLR ∝ L0.”
The 'universal' radio/X-ray flux correlation : the case study of the black hole GX 339-4 (2012, methodology): “The new radio and X-ray measurements of GX 339−4, taken during the last ten years, allow us to complement the original study of Corbel et al. (2003) by adding measurements from seven additional outbursts, including four new outbursts that encompass a full X-ray states cycle (i.e. a full path in a…”
Jets in neutron star X-ray binaries: a comparison with black holes (2005, methodology): “We used fluxes form Corbel et al. (2003); the 2-10keV X-ray fluxes have been extrapolated from the 3-9 keV ones they reported, assuming a spectral index of 1.7.”
WATCHDOG: A COMPREHENSIVE ALL-SKY DATABASE OF GALACTIC BLACK HOLE X-RAY BINARIES (2015, background): “Moreover, several BHXBs have also been shown to exhibit a strong correlation between X-ray and radio emissionin the hard spectral state (Hannikainen et al. 1998; Corbel et al. 2000, 2003).”
Rapid optical and X-ray timing observations of GX 339-4: multi-component optical variability in the low/hard state (2010, methodology): “We note that no simultaneous radio measurements of GX 339–4 around our observing dates have been published (though a compact jet was detected; cf. Tomsick et al. 2008), so we have used the radio/X-ray correlation of Corbel et al. (2003) to extrapolate the 3–9 keV X-ray flux to8.”
On the Origin of Radio Emission in the X-Ray States of XTE J1650–500 during the 2001-2002 Outburst (2004, background): “This was first observed in GX 339−4 (Corbel et al. 2000; 2003) over more than three orders of magnitude in X-ray flux and almost down to its quiescence level.”
GX 339—4: the distance, state transitions, hysteresis and spectral correlations (2004, methodology): “We note that our explanation of the correlation of Corbel et al. (2003) is different from that of Markoff et al. (2003), who attributed it to the X-ray flux and the optically-thin jet emission being the same power law of the nonthermal synchrotron.”
Refining the fundamental plane of accreting black holes (2006, methodology): “Indeed, Corbel et al. (2000, 2003) found a surprisingly tight correlation of the radio and X-ray fluxes of the black hole XRB GX 339−4 in its LH state which can be qualitatively and quantitatively well understood in the context of jet models (Markoff et al. 2003).”
A Unified Model for Black Hole X-Ray Binary Jets? (2004, background): “…emission is correlated with the X-ray emission asLradio ∝ LbX whereb ∼ 0.7 with a small apparent range in normalisations for several different system (Corbel et al. 2003; Gallo, Fender & Pooley 2003; see also Fender, Gallo & Jonker 2003 and Jonker et al. 2004 for further discussions and…”
A Fundamental plane of black hole activity (2003, background): “The tightness of the observed correlation between radio and X-ray luminosity, and its slope, seem to support such an idea (Markoff et al. 2003; Corbel et al. 2003).”
Using the Fundamental Plane of black hole activity to distinguish X-ray processes from weakly accreting black holes (2011, background): “A global radio/X-ray correlation is observed for quiescent GBHs in the hard (i.e. low-accretion rate, non-thermal) state (Corbel et al. 2003; Gallo, Fender & Pooley 2003).”
A universal radio-X-ray correlation in low/hard state black hole binaries (2003, background): “…can successfully reproduce the X–ray behaviour, it can not yet address the clear correlation between radio and X–ray emission established for the persistent BHCs GX 339–4 and Cygnus X–1 while in the hard state (Hannikainen et al. 1998; Brocksopp et al. 1999; Corbel et al. 2000; Corbel et al. 2003).”
Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes (2014, background): “4.2.6 Radio/X-ray correlation and the role of jet radiation Corbel et al. (2003) and Gallo et al. (2003) discovered a remarkable correlation between the radio luminosity LR and X-ray luminosity LX of BHBs in the hard state.”
The 511 keV emission from positron annihilation in the Galaxy (2010, background): “It is expected that a persistent jet will be present in the low-hard state (Fender et al., 2004) and correlations between the radio and X-ray luminosity and the accretion activity have been proposed (e.g. Corbel et al., 2003).”
Going with the Flow: Can the Base of Jets Subsume the Role of Compact Accretion Disk Coronae? (2005, methodology): “This intensive simultaneous monitoring showed that, in fact, the correlation is nonlinear, with LR / L0:7X (Corbel et al. 2000, 2003).”
The evolution of the timing properties of the black-hole transient GX 339-4 during its 2002/2003 outburst (2005, positive): “GX 339–4 was the first BHC to show a radio/X-ray correlation in the LS (Hannikainen et al. 1998; Corbel et al. 2003; Markoff et al. 2003).”
Radio-X-Ray Correlation and the “Quiescent State” of Black Hole Sources (2004, background): “A strong correlation between the radio and X-ray luminosities of BHCs in the hard state has been found recently (Corbel et al. 2003; Gallo, Fender, & Pooley 2003), LR ∝ L 0.7 X , where LR is the radio luminosity at 8.6 GHz and LX is the 2-11 keV X-ray luminosity.”
GRS 1915+105 and the Disc-Jet Coupling in Accreting Black Hole Systems (2004, background): “The radio luminosity varies with the soft X-ray luminosity approximately as Lradio ∝ L 0.7 X (Corbel et al. 2003, Gallo et al. 2003) until the transition to softer states, when it drops dramatically (Fender et al. 1999, Corbel et al. 2001, Gallo et al. 2003).”