Understanding enzyme immobilisation.

By U. Hanefeld, L. Gardossi, E. Magner. Chemical Society Reviews, 2009

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Immobilization Techniques in the Fabrication of Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review (2013, methodology): “Frequently, adsorption onto bulk surfaces results in protein denaturation and decreased performance [12].”
Enzyme immobilization by adsorption: a review (2014, background): “At present this term has been extended to include both direct immobilizations on the carriers and the immobilizations supported with the intermediate agents (Cao et al. 2003; Hanefeld et al. 2009).”
Lipases as Tools in the Synthesis of Prodrugs from Racemic 9-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)adenine (2012, methodology): “Extraction of Enzyme from the Cell Wall—Preparation of Released Lipase [8,21]”
An overview of technologies for immobilization of enzymes and surface analysis techniques for immobilized enzymes (2015, neutral): “[5] [38] [57] It has been used for decades for cross-linking proteins via reaction of the free amino groups of lysine residues, on the surface of neighbouring enzyme molecules, with oligomers or polymers of glutaraldehyde resulting from inter-and intramolecular aldol condensations.”
Biotechnological relevance of the lipase A from Candida antarctica (2021, background): “Due to the possibility of modulating enzyme features via immobilization, in the case of lipases the use of a very wide battery of immobilization techniques is convenient to prepare suitable biocatalysts for a specific process [46, 90, 170, 190, 204, 205].”