Where Has All the Bias Gone? Detecting Gender Bias in the Intrahousehold Allocation of Educational Expenditure

By Geeta Kingdon. Economic development and cultural change, 2005

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Are Girls the Fairer Sex in India? Revisiting Intra-Household Allocation of Education Expenditure (2013, background): “age group 5-9, girls have statistically significantly lower enrollment than boys in only two states (Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh) which is a substantial improvement from the 1993 situation when this was the case in nine of the 16 major states examined (Kingdon, 2005).”
From Nutrition to Aspirations and Self-Efficacy : Gender Bias Over Time Among Children in Four Countries (2013, methodology): “Whereas Kingdon (2005) found, using data from 1994, that the important dimension of gender bias in parental investment in education was through parents deciding not to enrol girls, and not through differences between the educational expenditure on boys and girls once they were enrolled, that…”
Gender and household education expenditure in Pakistan (2008, methodology): “Although a large literature documents gender biases in food consumption, only a few studies investigate differential treatments in educational expenditure, all these being for India (Subramanian and Deaton, 1990, 1991; Subramanian, 1995; Lancaster et al., 2003; Kingdon, 2005).”