Experimental and numerical analysis on normalization of picture frame tests for composite materials

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Characterization of mechanical behavior of woven fabrics: Experimental methods and benchmark results (2008, methodology): “[44] proposed a normalization method based on an energy method.”
Simulation of wrinkling during textile composite reinforcement forming. Influence of tensile, in-plane shear and bending stiffnesses (2011, methodology): “The mechanical tests include biaxial tests for tensile stiffness [26-29], picture frame and bias-extension tests for in-plane shear stiffness [13-18, 30-36] and bending tests [37-39].”
Full-field strain measurements in textile deformability studies (2008, methodology): “The load registered by the load cell of the tensile machine is recalculated into shear force (per unit fabric width) using the kinematic scheme of the frame, equivalence of the mechanical work and the shear deformation energy of the fabric (assuming homogeneous deformation state) and a normalisation”
Experimental analysis of the influence of tensions on in plane shear behaviour of woven composite reinforcements (2008, background): “The in plane shear behaviour of woven fabrics has been much studied [13-24], much more than the other elementary mechanical behaviours.”
The bias-extension test for the analysis of in-plane shear properties of textile composite reinforcements and prepregs: a review (2017, background): “The shear load Fsh has been introduced in [25, 32, 33, 40, 43].”