A comparative study of energy absorption characteristics of foam-filled and multi-cell square columns

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Crushing analysis and multiobjective crashworthiness optimization of tapered square tubes under oblique impact loading (2012, background): “Similar observations have been found for MC square columns under pure axial crushing [14,16,44].”
Energy absorption of axially compressed thin-walled square tubes with patterns (2007, background): “[19] showed that dividing the columns into multi-cell is more effective than filling the columns with aluminum foam.”
On the crashworthiness performance of thin-walled energy absorbers: Recent advances and future developments (2017, background): “Zhang and Cheng [98] performed a comparative analysis of energy absorbing responses of multi-cell and foam-filled square tubes.”
Multiobjective optimization of multi-cell sections for the crashworthiness design (2008, background): “Due to the presence of the cruciform in the quadruplecell section, the deformation pattern and energy absorption characteristics are much more complicated than those corner and T-shaped joints presented in the other three columns [33].”