Racial Socialization Messages and the Quality of Mother/Child Interactions in African American Families

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African American Resiliency: Examining Racial Socialization and Social Support as Protective Factors (2008, background): “Frabutt et al. (2002) examined the association between the mother-child relationship and the provision of racial socialization messages.”
Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: a review of research and directions for future study. (2006, background): “When estimates of such are based on the inverse of the percentage of parents who report other ethnic–racial socialization strategies, the percentage is small (e.g., Caughy et al., 2002; Frabutt et al., 2002; Hughes & Chen, 1999).”
Patterns of Racial Socialization and Psychological Adjustment: Can Parental Communications About Race Reduce the Impact of Racial Discrimination? (2008, background): “In a study of African American mothers, Frabutt, Walker, and MacKinnon-Lewis (2002) found that parental positivity, warmth, involvement, and monitoring were generally associated with racial socialization.”
Influence of Perceived Neighborhood Diversity and Racism Experience on the Racial Socialization of Black Youth (2005, background): “Some studies failed to identify gender differences in racial socialization practices (Caughy et al., 2002; Frabutt et al., 2002; Hughes & Chen, 1997; Phinney & Chavira, 1995; Scott, 2003; Stevenson et al., 1997).”