Exposure to hate speech increases prejudice through desensitization

By Wiktor Soral, M. Bilewicz, Mikolaj Winiewski. 2018

260 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Neuroscience, Sociology and Political Science, Safety, Robustness & Interpretability

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Citations in the corpus

ToxiGen: A Large-Scale Machine-Generated Dataset for Adversarial and Implicit Hate Speech Detection (2022, background): “, 2017; Nadal, 2018; Saleem and Anderson, 2013) and can reinforce stereotypical or hateful perceptions of them (BehmMorawitz and Mastro, 2008; Soral et al., 2018).”
HateXplain: A Benchmark Dataset for Explainable Hate Speech Detection (2020, background): “The public expression of hate speech affects the deval-uation of minority members (Greenberg and Pyszczynski 1985) and such frequent and repetitive exposure to hate speech could increase an individual’s outgroup prejudice (Soral, Bilewicz, and Winiewski 2018).”
Annotators with Attitudes: How Annotator Beliefs And Identities Bias Toxic Language Detection (2021, background): “Perceiving the HARMOFHATESPEECH: the belief that hate speech or offensive language can be harmful for the targets of that speech (Soral et al., 2018; Nadal, 2018).”
Large Language Model Alignment: A Survey (2023, background): “; Nadal, 2018; Saleem and Anderson) and may reinforce or amplify existing stereotypes or hateful perceptions about them (Behm-Morawitz and Mastro, 2008; Soral et al., 2018).”
Can Information about Pandemics Increase Negative Attitudes toward Foreign Groups? A Case of COVID-19 Outbreak (2020, methodology): “We used the Bogardus social-distance scale [30,31], a measure commonly used to assess prejudice [32,33] that consists of three questions (i.”
Spread of Hate Speech in Online Social Media (2018, background): “This is particularly problematic for several unsuspecting victims who might form an unnecessary outgroup prejudice against a particular community [34].”
Towards a Comprehensive Taxonomy and Large-Scale Annotated Corpus for Online Slur Usage (2020, background): “Overexposure to hateful language results in user desensitization (Soral et al., 2018) and radicalization (Norman and † These authors made equal contributions.”
Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysis (2019, background): “3 Hate speech may not represent the general opinion, yet it promotes the dehumanization of people who are typically from minority groups (Soral et al., 2017; Martin et al., 2012) and can incite hate crime (Ross et al., 2017).”