Loss of predators and the collapse of southern California kelp forests (?): Alternatives, explanations and generalizations

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Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century (2016, background): “, west coast of Vancouver Island, Southern California Bight) can be attributed to successful local management efforts, including the recovery of previously exploited sea urchin predators (58) and reductions in local pollution levels (59).”
Production and fate of kelp detritus (2012, unknown): “…from canopy harvesting (Lorentsen et al. 2010), and declines in the order of decades are documented following overfishing of apex predators and trophic cascades, repeated El Niño events, or freshwater and sewage run-off (Mann 1977, Dayton et al. 1998, Steneck et al. 2002, Foster & Schiel 2010).”