Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 2. Application to acute copper toxicity in freshwater fish and Daphnia

By R. Santore, Dominic M. Di Toro, P. Paquin, H. Allen, J. Meyer. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2001

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Homeostasis and toxicology of essential metals (2012, methodology): “Influence of EquilibrationTime on DOC–Cu Interactions: Concern forToxicityTesting Equilibration time between Cu and DOC/NOM has been demonstrated to impact the degree of protection offered by DOC/NOM, at least for freshwater cladocerans and fish (Kim et al., 1999; Santore et al., 2001).”
Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments of Inorganic Metals and Metalloids: Current Status (2003, background): “The development of the Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM; Morel and Hering 1993; Campbell 1995) and extensive studies on the effects of metals on fish gills have resulted in the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM — Di Toro et al. 2001; Santore et al. 2001).”
Framework for metals risk assessment. (2007, methodology): “More recently, the Office of Water has been developing a mechanistic-based approach for addressing metals bioavailability using the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) (Di Toro et al., 2001; Santore et al., 2001; U.S. EPA, 2000b).”
The biotic ligand model: a historical overview. (2002, methodology): “In addition, WER studies have provided important empirical data used to help validate BLM predictions under site-specific conditions (Santore et al., 2001).”