Reconsidering Peer Influences on Delinquency: Do Less Proximate Contacts Matter?

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Peer Influence, Internet use and Cyberbullying: A Comparison of Different Context Effects among German Adolescents (2013, methodology): “According to reference theory (Merton & Rossi, 1968), we do not only refer to people we are directly connected to and, consequently, are not only influenced by close friends (Payne & Cornwell, 2007).”
Is It Who You Know, or How Many That Counts? Criminal Networks and Cost Avoidance in a Sample of Young Offenders (2010, background): “E-mail: mbouchard@sfu.ca examined the role of delinquent peers in explaining involvement in crime (e.g., Haynie, 2001, 2002; Matsueda & Anderson, 1998; Payne & Cornwell, 2007; Sutherland, 1947; Warr, 2002).”
Peer Influence and Delinquency (2019, methodology): “Again using the AddHealth data, Payne & Cornwell (2007) identified subjects’ friends of friends and found that their self-reported deviance was associated with the subjects’ own delinquency, even when accounting for the deviance of direct friends (i.e., those who served as connections to these…”
Why Do Criminals Obey the Law? The Influence of Legitimacy and Social Networks on Active Gun Offenders (2009, background): “All of these measures suggest that social influence operates directly through socialization, interaction, and opportunities afforded through one’s immediate circle of associates and friends (Haynie & Payne 2006; McGloin & Shermer 2009; Payne & Cornwell 2007).”