The Use and Effects of Incentives in Surveys

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Unit Nonresponse and Weighting Adjustments: A Critical Review (2013, methodology): “To better understand the response process we need to reformulate our approach, use less direct questions, and ask both respondents and nonrespondents similar items to support comparative analysis (Singer and Ye 2013).”
Contemporary Guidance for Stated Preference Studies (2017, background): “…response rates are a poor indicator of nonresponse bias (Groves 2006; National Research Council 2013).33 Methods include participation incentives (Singer and Ye 2013; Mercer et al. 2015), advance letters (de Leeuw et al. 2007), multiple contact attempts (Dillman et al. 2014), two-phase sampling…”
Improving Survey Response Rates in Online Panels (2016, background): “As to incentive strategies, research shows that cash incentives may increase the survey response rate (Beebe, Davern, McAlpine, Call, & Rockwood, 2005; James & Bolstein, 1990, 1992; London & incentives are unconditional (i.e., given before or with the survey invitation; Singer & Ye, 2013).”