Efflux-mediated heavy metal resistance in prokaryotes.

By D. Nies. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2003

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Heavy metal resistance mechanisms in actinobacteria for survival in AMD contaminated soils (2005, background): “Heavy metal resistance has been investigated largely in Gram-negative bacteria, especially Ralstonia metallidurans where efflux transporters could be identified (Mergeay et al., 2003; Nies, 2003).”
Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments (2010, background): “Certain classes of efflux pumps, for example, offer general mechanisms of resistance, because they pump various toxins, such as heavy metals and other toxic molecules, out of cell”
Co-occurrence of resistance genes to antibiotics, biocides and metals reveals novel insights into their co-selection potential (2015, background): “Additional cooccurrence patterns between BMRGs and ARGs on plasmids have been reported [40–45], and many of them were observed in our analysis, but were not highly frequent.”
Multimetal resistance and tolerance in microbial biofilms (2007, background): “The susceptibility of microorganisms to toxic metal species has been linked to several metal-ion-specific physicochemical parameters, such as: the standard reduction potential (ΔE 0 ); electronegativity (χ); the solubility product of the metal–sulphide complex (pK SP ); the Pearson softness i”